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Water-Cooled Reactors' Sources Are Drying Up

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By MITCH WEISS, The Associated Press

Published: January 24, 2008

LAKE NORMAN, N.C. - Nuclear reactors across the Southeast could be forced to throttle back or temporarily shut down later this year because drought is drying up rivers and lakes that supply power plants with the huge amounts of cooling water they need to operate.
Utility officials say such shutdowns probably wouldn't result in blackouts. But they could lead to shockingly higher electric bills for millions of Southerners because the region's utilities may be forced to buy expensive replacement power from other energy companies.

So far, there has been one brief, drought-related shutdown at a reactor in Alabama last summer.

"Water is the nuclear industry's Achilles' heel," said Jim Warren, executive director of the N.C. Waste Awareness and Reduction Network, an environmental group critical of nuclear power. "You need a lot of water to operate nuclear plants. This is becoming a crisis."

An Associated Press analysis of the nation's 104 nuclear reactors found that 24 are in areas experiencing the most severe drought. All but two are built on the shores of lakes and rivers and rely on submerged intake pipes to draw billions of gallons of water for use in cooling and condensing steam after it has turned the plants' turbines.

Because of the yearlong dry spell gripping the region, water levels on those lakes and rivers are getting close to minimums set by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Over the next several months, the water could drop below the intake pipes, or shallow water could become too hot under the sun to use as coolant.

"If water levels get to a certain point, we'll have to power it down or go off-line," said Robert Yanity, a spokesman for South Carolina Electric & Gas Co., which operates the Summer nuclear plant outside Columbia, S.C.

Extending or lowering the intake pipes is not as simple at it sounds and wouldn't necessarily solve the problem. The pipes are usually made of concrete, can be up to 18 feet in diameter and can extend up to a mile. Modifications to the pipes and pump systems, and their required backups, can cost millions and take several months. If the changes are extensive, they require regulatory commission review.

Even if a quick extension were possible, the pipes can only go so low. It they are put too close to the bottom of a drought-shrunken lake or river, they can suck up sediment, fish and other debris that could clog the system.

An estimated 3 million customers of the four commercial utilities with reactors in the drought zone get their power from nuclear energy. Also, the quasi-governmental Tennessee Valley Authority, which sells electricity to 8.7 million people in seven states through a network of distributors, generates 30 percent of its power at nuclear plants.

The nuclear power plant north of Crystal River, which uses about 950 million gallons of cooling water a day, will be unaffected by the drought because all of that water comes from the Gulf of Mexico, said Rick Kimble, a spokesman for Progress Energy Florida, which owns and operates the Crystal River reactor.

Tribune reporter Russell Ray contributed to this report.

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